To build tunnels, various specialized machines and equipment are used, depending on the size, type, and geological conditions of the tunnel. The primary machine used is a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM), but other methods and equipment can also be involved in tunnel construction. Another machine is the drill jumbo, which is used for drilling blast holes in rock tunnels. Excavators are also sometimes used to remove loose material during the tunneling process.

　　There are several machines used to build tunnels:

　　1. Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM):

　　- A TBM is the most common machine for constructing modern tunnels.

　　- It uses a rotating cutting head to excavate the material while simultaneously installing precast concrete segments to support the tunnel walls.

　　- Types include Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) TBMs, Slurry TBMs, and Hard Rock TBMs.

　　2. Drill and Blast:

　　- For tunnels in hard rock, this method involves drilling holes into the rock, placing explosives, and blasting the rock to break it into smaller pieces for removal.

　　- Machines used: rock drills, blasting equipment, and loaders.

　　3. Roadheaders:

　　- A roadheader is a mechanical excavator with a rotating cutting head mounted on a boom.

　　- It is used for smaller tunnels or where geological conditions make TBM use impractical.

　　4. Cut-and-Cover Construction:

　　- For shallow tunnels, a trench is excavated, the tunnel structure is built, and the trench is backfilled.

　　- Equipment includes excavators, cranes, and concrete pouring machines.

　　5. Pipe Jacking and Microtunneling:

　　- Used for small-diameter tunnels, such as utility tunnels.

　　- Machines include microtunneling boring machines (MTBMs) and hydraulic jacks to push pipes into place.

　　6. Grouting Machines and Ground Stabilization Equipment:

　　- Used to stabilize loose soil or rock before excavation.

　　- Includes grout pumps and injection rigs.

　　7. Ventilation and Dewatering Equipment:

　　- Fans and pumps are used to manage air quality and groundwater during construction.

　　8. Support Installation Machines:

　　- Machines like shotcrete robots (for spraying concrete) and rock bolting rigs are used to secure the tunnel.

　　Each of these machines plays a vital role in the process, tailored to the specific challenges of the project.